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| The Kingdom of Sardinia | |
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| Tweet Topic Started: Jun 17 2009, 12:33 PM (555 Views) | |
| Schwalbe | Jun 17 2009, 12:33 PM Post #1 |
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Il regno di Sardegna Pearl del Mediterraneo ed Italia ![]() King Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia, Jerusalem and Cyprus ![]() Map of the Land of the Kingdom Statistics Population: 5,400,000 Souls Government: Absolute Monarchy Capital: Turin Official Language: Italian Currency: Sardinian Scudo Religion: Roman Catholic Ethnic Backgrounds: Piedmontese, French, Sardinian Timeline of History: 1718 - In 1718, with the Treaty of London, the Kingdom of Sardinia was handed over to the Dukes of Savoy, princes of Piedmont, who rendered it perfect from imperfect attributing it the summa potestas that is the authority to stipulate international treaties. 1814 - For a time weakened by outside effects, the power of Genoa was finally revived in about the late 14th century. In 1814, Genoa was united with the kingdom of Sardinia. Background Information: Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as "Piedmont-Sardinia" or "Sardinia-Piedmont", was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720, when the island of Sardinia was awarded by the Treaty of London to Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy to compensate him for the loss of Sicily to Austria. Besides Sardinia, the kingdom included Savoy, Piedmont and Nice; Liguria, including Genoa, was added by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Officially, the nation's name became "Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus, and Jerusalem, Duchy of Savoy and Montferrat, Principality of Piedmont". During most of the 18th and 19th centuries under the House of Savoy, the political and economical capital was Turin. In 1860 Nice and Savoy were ceded to France as a price paid for French support in the campaign to unify Italy. In 1861, it became a founding state of the new Kingdom of Italy, and ceased to exist after that date. Early history of Piedmont Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They were later submitted by the Romans (c. 220 BC), who founded several colonies there including "Augusta Taurinorum "(Turin) and "Eporedia" (Ivrea). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths (5th century), Byzantines, Lombards (6th century), Franks (773). In the 9th-10th centuries there were further incursions by the Magyars and Saracens. At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks and counties. In 1046, Oddo of Savoy added Piedmont to their main territory of Savoy, with a capital at Chambéry (now in France). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of Asti and Alessandria and the marquisates of Saluzzo and Montferrat. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duchy in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin in 1563. In 1720, the Duke of Savoy became "King of Sardinia", founding what evolved into the "Kingdom of Sardinia" or "Sardinia-Piedmont" and increasing Turin's importance as a European capital. Early history of Sardinia The title "King" first appears as an informal praise of Constantine I of Logudoro, though his successor Gonario II employed it in official documents. The first crowned "King of Sardinia" or "rex Sardiniae" was the judge Barisone II of Arborea. Frederick Barbarossa, who invested him as such in 1164, was forced to reverse this decision and regrant Sardinia to the Archdiocese of Pisa the next year. Barisone's successors, Hugh I and Peter I, continued to claim the title, but it never had any meaning. Briefly after succeeding to the Giudicato of Gallura, Enzo, son of the Emperor Frederick II, was installed as king, but was captured and never succeeded in making the kingship hereditary. Sardinia under Aragonese and Spanish domination In 1297, Pope Boniface VIII, intervening between the Houses of Anjou and Aragon, established on paper a "regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae" that would be a fief of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to the Valencian James II the Just, king of the Crown of Aragon (a confederation made up of the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, and the Counties of Barcelona, Pallars Sobirà and Urgell), promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily.In 1323 James II formed an alliance with Hugh II of Arborea and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of Cagliari and Gallura along with the city of Sassari, claiming the territory as the "Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica". In 1353 Aragon made war on Arborea, then fought with its leader Marianus IV of Arborea,of the Cappai de Bas family, but did not reduce the last of the autochthonous "giudicati" until 1410.The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, Peter IV of Aragon granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy.When in 1409, Martí the younger, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the last Sardinian "giudicato" but then died in Cagliari of malaria, without issue, Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title. Changeover to the House of Savoy The loss of the autochthonous' independence, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, with the introduction of a sterile feudalism, as well as the discovery of the Americas, provoked an unstoppable decline of Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of resurgence occurred under the local noble Leonardo de Alagon, marquess of Oristano, who managed to defeat the viceroyal army in the 1470s but was later crushed at the Battle of Macomer (1478), ending any further hope of independence for the island. The unceasing attacks from North African pirates and a series of plagues (from 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation. The Spanish domination on Sardinia ended at he beginning of XVIII century, as a result of War of the Spanish succession. By the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. In 1718, by the Treaty of London among the great powers, Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, was forced to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and in exchange received Sardinia. Two years later, on Aug. 24, 1720, he formally took possession of the island. Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna In 1792 Piedmont-Sardinia joined the First Coalition against the French First Republic, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796), giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On December 6, 1798 Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government votes to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupy the city, but with the Battle of Marengo (1800), the French regain control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war. In 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa, now a duchy, and it served as a buffer state against France. This was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna. In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Victor Emmanuel I (1802-21), Charles Felix (1802-21) and Charles Albert (1821-49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero, which set the reactionary Ferdinand VII on the Spanish throne. The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the "Statuto Albertino", was enacted in the year of revolutions, 1848, under liberal pressure, and under the same pressure war was declared on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and the Kingdom of Sardinia lost. |
![]() Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, and Jerusalem, Duke of Savoy and Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont. | |
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| Schwalbe | Jun 18 2009, 05:07 AM Post #2 |
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Sardinian Royal Army![]() "This great elasticity of the Piedmontese army, which allows it to increase or diminish the numbers present under arms at any time, arises from a system of recruiting very nearly akin to that of Prussia; and, indeed, Sardinia may be called, in many respects, the Prussia of Italy. There is in the Sardinian states a similar obligation for every citizen to serve in the army, though, unlike Prussia, substitutes are allowed; and the time over which this obligation extends, consists, as in Prussia, of a period of actual service and another period, during which the soldier dismissed from the ranks remains in the reserve, and is liable to be called in again in time of war. The system is something between the Prussian method and that of Belgium and the minor German states. Thus, by calling in the reserves, the infantry, from about 30,000 men, may be raised to 80,000, and even more. The cavalry and field artillery would undergo but a small augmentation, as in these arms the soldiers generally have to remain with the regiments during the whole period of their service. The Piedmontese army is as fine and soldier-like a body of men as any in Europe. Like the French, they are small in size, especially the infantry; their guards do not average even five feet four inches; but what with their tasteful dress, military bearing, well-knit but agile frames, and fine Italian features, they look better than many a body of bigger men. The dress and equipments are, with the infantry of the line and guards, upon the French principle, with a few details adopted from the Austrians. The bersaglieri have a costume of their own, a little sailor’s hat with a long hanging plume of cock-feathers and a brown tunic. The cavalry wear short brown jackets, just covering the hip-bone. The percussion-musket is the general arm of the infantry; the bersaglieri have short Tyrolese rifles, good and useful weapons, but inferior to the Minié in every respect. The first rank of the cavalry used to be armed with lances; whether this is still the case with the light-horse we cannot say. The eight lb. calibre for the horse and light-foot batteries gave them the same advantage over the other continental armies which the French had while they preserved this calibre; but their heavy batteries, carrying sixteen pounders, rendered them the heaviest field artillery of the continent. That these guns, when once in position, can do excellent service, they have shown on the Chernaya, where their accurate firing contributed a great deal to the success of the Allies, and was universally admired. Of all the Italian states, Piedmont is the best situated for creating a good army. The plains of the Po and its tributaries produce capital horses, and a fine, tall race of men, the tallest of all Italians, exceedingly well-adapted for cavalry and heavy artillery service. The mountains, which surround these plains on three sides, north, west, and south, are inhabited by a hardy people, less in size, but strong and active, industrious and sharp-witted, like all mountaineers. It is these that form the staple of the infantry, and especially of the bersaglieri, a body of troops nearly equaling the Chasseurs de Vincennes in training, but certainly surpassing them in bodily strength and endurance. The military institutions of Piedmont are, upon the whole, very good, and, in consequence, the officers bear a high character." National Regiments A regulation Sardinian infantry regiment consists of 1,500 men. Total Standing Army 30,000 men 1st Régiment des Bersaglieri - 750 Men 2nd Régiment des Bersaglieri - 750 Men 3rd Régiment des Bersaglieri - 750 Men 4th Régiment des Bersaglieri - 750 Men Régiment des Gardes - 1,500 Men Régiment de Savoie - 1,500 Men Régiment de Montferrat - 1,500 Men Régiment de Piémont - 1,500 Men Régiment de Saluces - 1,500 Men Régiment d’Aoste - 1,500 Men Régiment de Cunéo - 1,500 Men Régiment d'Alessandria - 1,500 Men Régiment de la Reine - 1,500 Men Régiment de Gênes - 1,500 Men Régiment de Sardaigne - 1,500 Men Régiment des Carlos Felice - 1,500 Men Régiment des Torino - 1,500 Men 2nd Régiment des Torino - 1,500 Men 1st Régiment des Nizza - 1,500 Men Régiment des Novare - 1,500 Men 2nd Regiment des Savoie - 1,500 Men 1st Regiment de Piedmonte - 1,500 Men
Provincial Regiments Reserves 45,000 Men Regiment de Chambery - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) 4th Regiment de Torino - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) 1st Regiment des Cagliari - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) 2nd Regiment des Cagliari - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) 3rd Regiment des Cagliari - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Regiment des Vercelli - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Regiment des Biela - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Regiment de Carlos Alberto - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Régiment des Ivree - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) 4th Régiment des Torino - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) 2nd Régiment des Nizza - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Régiment des Asti - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Régiment des Pignerol - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) 2nd Régiment des Novare - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Régiment des Tortone - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Régiment des Acqui - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Régiment des Mondovi - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Régiment des Vercelli - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Régiment des Casale - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) Régiment des Susa - 2,250 Men (Sardinian Obligatory Reserve) *Each regiment contains 2 battalions or 6 companies: 1 company of grenadiers, 1 company of chasseur, 4 companies of fusiliers.
National Cavalry Regiments Standing 4,000 horse & men Royal Horse Carabineers - 3,200 horse Life Guards (4 companies) 1st of Savoy - 200 men 2nd of Piedmont - 200 men 3rd of Sardinia - 200 men 4th of Genova - 200 men Dragons du Roi - 800 men Chevau léger du Roi - 800 men Chevau léger du Piémont - 800 men Piémont Royal Cavalerie - 800 men Savoie Cavalerie - 800 men Dragons de la Reine - 800 men Chevau léger de Sardaigne - 800 men National Artillery Corps Standing 3,000 men 80 guns 1st Régiment de Artiglieria (48 x 8lb guns) - 1,000 men 2nd Régiment de Artiglieria (16 x 24lb howitzers) - 1,000 men 3rd Régiment de Artiglieria (16 x 16lb guns) - 1,000 men ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sardinian Army Order Of Battle Piedmontese Army Commanding General: Prince Carlo Alberto Amedeo di Savoia HQ: Torino, Piedmonte Island of Sardinia Army Commanding General: General HQ: Cagliari, Sardinia [/b] |
![]() Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, and Jerusalem, Duke of Savoy and Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont. | |
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8:21 AM Jul 11