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| Kingdom of Sweden-Norway; Kongeriger Norge og Sverige | |
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| Tweet Topic Started: Jun 16 2009, 10:05 PM (1,331 Views) | |
| Lionheartdm | Jun 16 2009, 10:05 PM Post #1 |
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Kongeriger Norge og Sverige Kingdom of Sweden-Norway ![]() His Majesty Karl XIV Johan, King of Sweden and Norway, and Prince of Pontecorvo Government Statistics King of Sweden King Karl XIV Johan Capital: Stockholm Religion: Lutheran Government: Constitutional Monarchy Currency: Riksdaler Legislature: Riksdag(Diet of Sweden), Storting(Norway) Population: 4,600,000 Souls Royal House: House of Bernadotte Official Language: Swedish, Norwegian, French(Aristocracy) Ethnic Groups: Swedish, Norwegian History of the Union During the 17th century Sweden emerged as a European great power. Before the emergence of the Swedish Empire, Sweden was a very poor, scarcely populated, country on the fringe of European civilization, with no significant power or reputation. Sweden rose to prominence on a continental scale during the tenure of king Gustavus Adolphus, seizing territories from Russia and Poland–Lithuania in multiple conflicts, including the Thirty Years' War. These military victories made Sweden the continental leader of Protestantism until the Empire's collapse in 1721. During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden conquered approximately half of the Holy Roman states. Gustav Adolphus planned to become the new Holy Roman Emperor, ruling over a united Scandinavia and the Holy Roman states, but he died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632. After the Battle of Nördlingen, Sweden's only significant military defeat of the war, pro-Swedish sentiment among the German states faded. These German provinces excluded themselves from Swedish power one by one, leaving Sweden with only a few northern German territories: Swedish Pomerania, Bremen-Verden and Wismar. In the middle of the 17th century Sweden was the third largest country in Europe by land area, only surpassed by Russia and Spain. Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of Charles X (1622–1660) after the treaty of Roskilde in 1658. The foundation of Sweden's success during this period is credited to Gustav I's major changes on the Swedish economy in the mid-1500s, and his introduction of Protestantism. The 17th century saw Sweden engaged in many wars, for example with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with both sides competing for territories of today's Baltic states, with the disastrous Battle of Kircholm being one of the highlights. This period also saw the Deluge — the Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After more than half a century of almost constant warfare, the Swedish economy had deteriorated. It would become the lifetime task of Charles' son, Charles XI (1655–1697), to rebuild the economy and refit the army. His legacy to his son, the coming ruler of Sweden Charles XII, was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army and a great fleet. Sweden's largest threat at this time, Russia, had a larger army but was far behind in both equipment and training. After the Battle of Narva in 1700, one of the first battles of the Great Northern War, the Russian army was so severely decimated that Sweden had an open chance to invade Russia. However, Charles did not pursue the Russian army — instead turning against Poland-Lithuania and defeating the Polish king Augustus II and his Saxon allies at the Battle of Kliszow in 1702. This gave the Russian Tsar time to rebuild and modernize his army. After the success of invading Poland Charles decided to make an invasion attempt of Russia which ended in a decisive Russian victory at the Battle of Poltava in 1709. After a long march exposed to cossack raids, the Russian Tsar Peter the Great's scorched-earth techniques and the cold Russian climate, the Swedes stood weakened with a shattered morale, and enormously outnumbered against the Russian army at Poltava. The defeat meant the beginning of the end for the Swedish empire. Charles XII attempted to invade Norway 1716; however, he was shot dead at Fredriksten fortress in 1718. The Swedes weren't militarily defeated at Fredriksten, but the whole structure and organization of the Norwegian campaign fell apart with the King's death and the army withdrew. Forced to cede large areas of land in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, Sweden also lost its place as an empire and as the dominant state on the Baltic Sea. With Sweden's lost influence, Russia emerged as an empire and became one of Europe's dominant nations. In the 18th century, Sweden did not have enough resources to maintain its territories outside Scandinavia and most of them were lost, culminating with the 1809 loss of eastern Sweden to Russia which became the semi-autonomous Duchy of Finland in Imperial Russia. In interest of reestablishing Swedish dominance in the Baltic, Sweden allied itself against its traditional ally and benefactor, France, in the Napoleonic Wars. Sweden's role in the Battle of Leipzig gave it the authority to force Denmark-Norway, an ally of France, to cede Norway to the King of Sweden on 14 January 1814 in exchange for northern German provinces, at the Treaty of Kiel. The Norwegian attempts to keep their status as a sovereign state were rejected by the Swedish king, Charles XIII. He launched a military campaign against Norway on July 27, 1814, ending in the Convention of Moss, which forced Norway into a personal union with Sweden under the Swedish crown. |
![]() "Study them, Adam" he said, "and realize their stupidity and ignorance. They have a great contempt for us, and they call us peasants and louts, but not one in ten of them can read or write his letters. A good half of them are convicts, cutthroats and footpads, serving out their time in His Majesty's colors instead of in jail. The rest of them are poor, ignorant devils, with a religion as cloudy and superstitious as their minds. They are a poor substitute for machines." - Soloman Chandler, "Morning April" prior to the Battle of Lexington | |
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| Lionheartdm | Jun 16 2009, 10:06 PM Post #2 |
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Internal Affairs of Sweden-Norway![]() Provinces of Sweden The origins of the provincial divisioning lays in the petty kingdoms that were gradually more and more submitted to the rule of the King of Sweden during the consolidation of Sweden. Until the country law of Magnus Ericson in the 1360s, each of these lands still had its own laws with its own assembly (the thing), and in effect governed themselves. The historical provinces were held as duchies, but newly conquered provinces added to the kingdom either received the status of a duchy or a county, depending on its importance. Of the conquests made after the separation from the Kalmar Union in 1523 only some were incorporated as provinces. The most permanent acquisitions were from the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, in which the former Danish Scanian lands – the provinces of Skåne, Blekinge, Halland and Gotland – along with the Norwegian Bohuslän, Jämtland and Härjedalen, became Swedish and gradually integrated. Other foreign territories were ruled as Swedish Dominions under the Swedish monarch. * Blekinge * Bohuslän * Dalarna * Dalsland * Gotland * Gästrikland * Halland * Hälsingland * Härjedalen * Jämtland * Lappland * Medelpad * Norrbotten * Närke * Skåne * Småland * Södermanland * Uppland * Värmland * Västmanland * Västerbotten * Västergötland * Ångermanland * Öland * Östergötland The provinces of Sweden, landskap, are historical, geographical and cultural regions. Sweden has 25 provinces and they have no administrative function, but remain historical legacies and the means of cultural identification. Several of them were subdivisions of Sweden until 1634, when they were replaced by the counties of Sweden (län). Some were conquered later on from Denmark-Norway. Others like the provinces of Finland were lost. Lapland is the only province acquired through colonization. In some cases, the administrative counties correspond almost exactly to the provinces, as is Blekinge to Blekinge County and Gotland, which is a province, county and a municipality. While not exactly corresponding with the province, Härjedalen Municipality is beside Gotland the only municipality named after a province. In other cases, they do not, which then enhances the cultural importance of the provinces. In addition, the administrative units are subject to continuous changes. Ståndsriksdagen, Riksdag of the Estates The meeting at Arboga in 1435 was usually considered to be the first Riksdag, but there is no indication that the fourth estate, the peasants, had been represented there. * The first meeting is likely the one that took place at Uppsala in 1436 after the death of rebel leader Engelbrekt. * At Västerås in 1527 Lutheranism was adopted as the new state religion instead of Roman Catholicism * At Söderköping in 1595, Duke Charles was elected regent over Sweden instead of King Sigismund, who was a Catholic and the monarch of both Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. * In 1612 the meeting decided to give the nobility the privilege and right to hold all higher offices of government, after successful lobbying by Axel Oxenstierna. * The first open conflict between the different estates happened in 1650. * At the Riksdag in 1680 a large scale reduction (a return of lands to the Crown earlier granted to the nobility) was decided. * At the sessions in 1634, 1719, 1720, 1772 and 1809 new constitutional instruments of government were adopted. The Riksdag, along with the King of Sweden and Norway, are what decide the daily affairs of Sweden-Norway from internal to foreign. According to the Swedish constitution, the King and Riksdag rule side by side, each responsible in a way for the other. Currently, the Riksdag is broken down into four distinct groups. It was a Diet made up of the Four Estates, which historically were the lines of division in Swedish society: * Nobility * Clergy * Burgher * Peasants Stortinget/Storting, The Great Assembly Ruling in Norway, the people who adjourn in the Storting are the same Norwegian men who had long ago allowed for the creation of a Sweden-Norway Union. They handle the affairs of Norway with a great deal of autonomy from the Riksdag. The King, who is reagent of Norway, still holds due sway over the lands of Norway. |
![]() "Study them, Adam" he said, "and realize their stupidity and ignorance. They have a great contempt for us, and they call us peasants and louts, but not one in ten of them can read or write his letters. A good half of them are convicts, cutthroats and footpads, serving out their time in His Majesty's colors instead of in jail. The rest of them are poor, ignorant devils, with a religion as cloudy and superstitious as their minds. They are a poor substitute for machines." - Soloman Chandler, "Morning April" prior to the Battle of Lexington | |
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| Lionheartdm | Jun 16 2009, 10:06 PM Post #3 |
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Foreign Relations of Sweden-Norway![]() Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius, Foreign Minister of Sweden Active Treaties Made within BeP, historical not included ~ Allied Nations - None Cordial Relations - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - Kingdom of France - Kingdom of Denmark Indifferent Relations - Kingdom of Sardinia - Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - States of the Church - Grand Duchy of Tuscany - Duchy of Parma - Duchy of Modena - Mehemite Egypt - Shahdom of Persia - Kingdom of Bavaria - Kingdom of Saxony - Kingdom of Wurttemburg - Electorate of Hesse - Grand Duchy of Baden - Grand Duchy of Hesse - Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin - Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau - United States of America - Kingdom of Brazil - Kingdom of Portugal - Kingdom of the Netherlands - Ottoman Empire - Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - United States of South America - Kingdom of Prussia - Austrian Empire Unfriendly Relations - Russian Empire Hostile Relations(War) - None |
![]() "Study them, Adam" he said, "and realize their stupidity and ignorance. They have a great contempt for us, and they call us peasants and louts, but not one in ten of them can read or write his letters. A good half of them are convicts, cutthroats and footpads, serving out their time in His Majesty's colors instead of in jail. The rest of them are poor, ignorant devils, with a religion as cloudy and superstitious as their minds. They are a poor substitute for machines." - Soloman Chandler, "Morning April" prior to the Battle of Lexington | |
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| Lionheartdm | Jun 16 2009, 10:07 PM Post #4 |
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Försvarsmakten Swedish-Norwegian Army ![]() ![]() Infantry Organization Infantry Composition: Line Infantry Grenadiers: 7,616 Men in 12 Battalions, 6 Regiments Line Infantry: 22,520 Men in 30 Battalions, 14 Regiments Sub-Total of Forces: 30,136 Men Light Infantry Light Infantry: 9,712 Men in 6 Battalions Carabiniers: ~ Men in ~ Battalions, ~ Regiment Sappers & Engineers: 3,000 Men in 6 Battalions Total Forces: 9,716 Men Combined Total: 34,848 Men Cavalry Organization Cavalry Composition: Heavy Cavalry Cuirassiers: 2,584 Men in 26 Squadrons, 2 Regiments Dragoons: 2,584 Men in 26 Squadrons, 2 Regiments Sub-Total of Forces: 5,168 Men Light Cavalry Hussars: 5,168 Men in 52 Squadrons, 4 Regiments Lancers: 5,168 Men in 52 Squadrons, 4 Regiments Total Forces: 10,336 Combined Total: 15,504 Cavalry Grand Total of the Army: 50,352 Men Grand Total of the Army(Reserves Included): 250,352 Men Artillery Organization Artillery Composition: Foot Artillery Number of Guns: 192 Guns Artillerist: ~ Horse Artillery: Number of Guns: 84 Guns Artillerist: ~ Total of Forces: 272 Guns, ~ Artillerist Military Dispositions ![]() ![]() King Karl XIV Johan, Commander-General of the Swedish-Norwegian Army ![]() Count Johan August Sandels, General of the Swedish-Norwegian Army Military of Sweden-Norway Commander-General: King Karl XIV Johan General Quarter, Military Headquarters: Stockholm Total: 50,352 Men, 276 Guns (34,848 Infantry - 15,504 Cavalry) Army of Norrland General of Norrland: Generallöjtnant Lennart Torstenson General Quarter, Military Headquarters: Härnösand Total: 11,616 Infantry, 5,168 Cavalry, 92 Guns - Regiment of Infantry nº 1 - Regiment of Infantry nº 2 - Regiment of Infantry nº 3 - Regiment of Infantry nº 4 - Regiment of Infantry nº 5 - Regiment of Infantry nº 6 - Regiment of Infantry nº 7 - Regiment of Infantry nº 8 - Regiment of Infantry nº 9 - Regiment of Infantry nº 10 - Regiment of Infantry nº 11 - Regiment of Infantry nº 12 - Regiment of Infantry nº 13 - Regiment of Infantry nº 14 - Regiment of Infantry nº 15 - Regiment of Infantry nº 16 - Regiment of Cavalry 'Hälsingland Lancers' - Regiment of Cavalry 'Jämtland Hussars' - Regiment of Cavalry 'Lappland Dragoons' - Regiment of Cavalry 'Västerbotten Cuirassiers' Army of Svealand General of Svealand: King Karl XIV Johan General Quarter, Military Headquarters: Stockholm Total: 11,616 Infantry, 5,168 Cavalry, 92 Guns - Regiment of Infantry nº 17 - Regiment of Infantry nº 18 - Regiment of Infantry nº 19 - Regiment of Infantry nº 20 - Regiment of Infantry nº 21 - Regiment of Infantry nº 22 - Regiment of Infantry nº 23 - Regiment of Infantry nº 24 - Regiment of Infantry nº 25 - Regiment of Infantry nº 26 - Regiment of Infantry nº 27 - Regiment of Infantry nº 28 - Regiment of Infantry nº 29 - Regiment of Infantry nº 30 - Regiment of Infantry nº 31 - Regiment of Infantry nº 32 - Regiment of Cavalry 'Dalama Lancers' - Regiment of Cavalry 'Uppland Hussars' - Regiment of Cavalry 'Närke Dragoons' - Regiment of Cavalry 'Västmanland Cuirassiers' Army of Götaland General of Götaland: Count Johan August Sandels General Quarter, Military Headquarters: Malmö Total: 11,616 Infantry, 5,168 Cavalry, 92 Guns - Regiment of Infantry nº 33 - Regiment of Infantry nº 34 - Regiment of Infantry nº 35 - Regiment of Infantry nº 36 - Regiment of Infantry nº 37 - Regiment of Infantry nº 38 - Regiment of Infantry nº 39 - Regiment of Infantry nº 40 - Regiment of Infantry nº 41 - Regiment of Infantry nº 42 - Regiment of Infantry nº 43 - Regiment of Infantry nº 44 - Regiment of Infantry nº 45 - Regiment of Infantry nº 46 - Regiment of Infantry nº 47 - Regiment of Infantry nº 48 - Regiment of Cavalry 'Blekinge Lancers' - Regiment of Cavalry 'Halland Hussars' - Regiment of Cavalry 'Gotland Dragoons' - Regiment of Cavalry 'Dalsland Cuirassiers' Sweden-Norway Allotment System ![]() Swedish-Norwegian Infantry Each rote in the new allotment system had the responsibility to recruit a soldier for the army, provide his croft with a patch of land, a cow, a few chickens and few pigs or sheep so he could support a family, pay him his salary, and supply him with necessities such as hay and seed. The rote also had to provide the soldier with the uniform. The croft and land, located on the land of the rote, only belonged to the soldier as long as he was fit for service. If he died or had to retire, the croft would have to be returned to the rote, even if it made his family homeless; the rote in turn had to find a new recruit. It sometimes happened that a widow of a fallen soldier married the rote's new recruit, as the rote was regarded as responsible to take care also of the remaining family of its fallen serviceman. The soldier lived at his croft for large parts of his life, mostly working at the farms that supported his household, and went away to a few training camps a year, honing his tactics and skills with his regiment. When at war, the soldier could be away for years at a time, leaving all of the chores to his wife and children, if he had any. Otherwise, the rote farmers would take over the work themselves. Recruits in the early 18th century had to be physically and mentally fit, between 18 and 36 years old (18–30 years from 1819, 18–25 years from 1871) and at least 172 centimeters tall (175 cm from 1775, lowered to 167 cm from 1788 as the army was in dire need of soldiers during Gustav III's Russian War). Many soldiers served in the army for more than 30 years, as there was no service time stated in the contract; instead, being discharged required a reason, such as old age, injury, sickness, or the commission of a crime. Discharges were generally only given at general musters, held once a year, or even more sparsely, even though an interim discharge could be given by the regimental commander if the discharge was supported by the soldier. The interim discharge had to be confirmed at the next general muster. From the 1680s (army) and early 18th century (navy), all soldiers in a given company were required to have a unique name, to make it easier to give specific orders. This could be problematic when several soldiers had the same name (being usually from rural background, they generally had just a patronymic, and such were often very common, e.g Andersson, Eriksson, Olsson or Persson), giving rise to the Swedish soldier names. When a soldier appeared before the military scribe, he was given a soldier's name (often, a rote's new soldier received predecessor's name), which he kept during his service. Those surnames also tended to become hereditary, as the soldier often retained it when he was pensioned or left the service, and his children were also registered under it in census lists and church books—this is the root of plenty of today Swedish surnames. The name was usually short, consisting of only one syllable—to make it easy and rapid to say. The names could be taken from a trait, such as the surname Stolt ("Proud") or from military terms, such as Svärd ("Sword"), but were often related to the rote. A soldier from a rote located in the village of Sundby, for example, could be given the surname Sundin. This meant that surnames often stayed with the croft, rather than with the soldier. Common practice amongst discharged soldiers in the 18th century was to reassume their original name. This changed in the 19th century and many soldiers kept their old soldier names, passing it on to their children. Each soldier in the regiment also had a unique number, between 1 and 1,200, the number of the rote and croft he belonged to. Officers Officers were provided with a large farm or homestead directly from the Crown, not from a rote. They did not, however, receive a salary from the state, but were instead paid by the rotar around the province, as part of the rote members' tax payments, and by farmers who worked the land belonging to the officer's farm. The officers' homes were loans, rather than outright gifts, and their size and quality was proportionate to the occupants' military rank. It was this system that was originally called the "allotment system". A condition for the system to work was the reductions carried through by the state, expropriating land and farms from the nobles, which were then provided to the officers. The officers' homesteads would be located in the same part of the province as the soldiers whom the officer would command in battle, often close to the rote. The officer thus knew the men he would lead, contrary to the practice in many other countries where the army officers would live on estates that were separated from the soldiers by both distance and lifestyle. Conscription In 1812, a new system was introduced, requiring all males between age 20 and 25 to serve in the armed forces twelve days a year, changing in 1858 to four weeks per two years. At the same time, the new allotment system remained in use up until 1901, when mandatory conscription, with 8–9 months of military service, was introduced. The allotment system was finally abolished in 1904. From that time, regiments began to be garrisoned in towns instead of being spread all over the province with a training ground as the only common meeting place. As tenemented soldiers were contracted by the government for as long as they were fit for service, and as they could not be dismissed, some soldiers lived under the allotment system long after 1901, the last one retiring as late as 1964. Through the reform, the regiments' local connections were partially lost, as conscripts were not necessarily from the regiments' respective provinces. Before the reform, soldiers of the same company generally stemmed from the same village and region. Sweden-Norway Reserves: 200,000 Infantry |
![]() "Study them, Adam" he said, "and realize their stupidity and ignorance. They have a great contempt for us, and they call us peasants and louts, but not one in ten of them can read or write his letters. A good half of them are convicts, cutthroats and footpads, serving out their time in His Majesty's colors instead of in jail. The rest of them are poor, ignorant devils, with a religion as cloudy and superstitious as their minds. They are a poor substitute for machines." - Soloman Chandler, "Morning April" prior to the Battle of Lexington | |
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| Lionheartdm | Jun 16 2009, 10:11 PM Post #5 |
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Kungliga Flottan Royal Swedish-Norwegian Fleet ![]() Naval Dockyard Stockholm(Sweden) Karlskrona(Sweden) Haakonsvern(Norway) Olavsvern(Norway) Ramsund(Norway) Stavanger(Norway) Bergen(Norway) Naval Composition 1st Rate: 0 2nd Rate: 0 3rd Rate: 8 4th Rate: 1 5th Rate:6 6th Rate 2 Sloop-of-war: 11 Unrated Vessels Gun-brig: 11 Unrated Vessels Gun Barges/Gun-brig(Norway): 51 Unrated Vessels Troop Transport/Barrack: 40 Logistic Vessels Third Rate Ships of the Line Fäderneslandet (1783 - 64 Guns) - Ships of the Line - 3rd Rate Äran (1784 - 64 Guns) - Ships of the Line - 3rd Rate Försiktigheten (1784 - 64 Guns) - Ships of the Line - 3rd Rate Tapperheten (1785 - 64 Guns) - Ships of the Line - 3rd Rate Manligheten (1785 - 64 Guns) - Ships of the Line - 3rd Rate Dristigheten (1785 - 64 Guns) - Ships of the Line - 3rd Rate Vladislaff (1788 - 76 Guns) - Ships of the Line - 3rd Rate Konung Gustaf IV Adolf (1799 - 84 Guns) - Ships of the Line - 3rd Rate Fifth Rate Frigates Fröja (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Camilla (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Thetis (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Galatea (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Eurydice (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Af Chapman (1803 - 44 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Fourth Rate Frigates Wasa (1808 - 54 Guns)-Frigates-4th Rate Sixth Rate Frigates Fredrika (1808 - 22 Guns) - Frigates - 6th Rate Hector (1788 - 26 Guns) - Frigates - 6th Rate Naval Dispositions ![]() The Atlantic Fleet Atlantic Fleet Admiral: Amiral Lars Magnus Ericsson Atlantic Fleet Headquarters: Oslo, Norway Fäderneslandet (1783 - 64 Guns) - Ship of the Line -3rd Rate Äran (1784 - 64 Guns) - Ship of the Line - 3rd Rate Försiktigheten (1784 - 64 Guns)-Ship of the Line-3rd Rate Tapperheten (1785 - 64 Guns) - Ship of the Line -3rd Rate Manligheten (1785 - 64 Guns) - Ship of the Line - 3rd Rate Dristigheten (1785 - 64 Guns) - Ship of the Line- 3rd Rate Vladislaff (1788 - 76 Guns) - Ship of the Line - 3rd Rate Konung Gustaf IV Adolf (1799 - 84 Guns) - Ships of the Line - 3rd Rate Atlantic Gun-brig and Sloop Squadron's I. Atlantic Gun-brig Squadron ~ 6 Gun-brigs II. Atlantic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs III. Atlantic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs IV. Atlantic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs V. Atlantic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs VI. Atlantic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs VII. Atlantic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs VIII. Atantic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs IX. Atlantic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs X. Atlantic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs The Baltic Fleet Baltic Fleet Admiral: Amiral Sigrid Hjertén Baltic Fleet Headquarters: Stockholm, Sweden Fröja (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Camilla (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Thetis (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Galatea (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Eurydice (1785 - 42 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Af Chapman (1803 - 44 Guns) - Frigates - 5th Rate Wasa (1808 - 54 Guns)- Frigates - 4th Rate Fredrika (1808 - 22 Guns) - Frigates - 6th Rate Hector (1788 - 26 Guns) - Frigates - 6th Rate Baltic Gunboat and Sloop Squadrons I. Baltic Fleet Sloop Squadron ~ 6 Sloops of War II. Baltic Fleet Sloop Squadron ~ 5 Sloops of War III. Baltic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 6 Gun-brigs IV. Baltic Fleet Gun-brig Squadron ~ 5 Gun-brigs V. Baltic Fleet Transport Squadron ~ 10 Transport/Barrack Ships VI. Baltic Fleet Transport Squadron ~ 10 Transport/Barrack Ships VII. Baltic Fleet Transport Squadron ~ 10 Transport/Barrack Ships VIII. Baltic Fleet Transport Squadron ~ 10 Transport/Barrack Ships
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![]() "Study them, Adam" he said, "and realize their stupidity and ignorance. They have a great contempt for us, and they call us peasants and louts, but not one in ten of them can read or write his letters. A good half of them are convicts, cutthroats and footpads, serving out their time in His Majesty's colors instead of in jail. The rest of them are poor, ignorant devils, with a religion as cloudy and superstitious as their minds. They are a poor substitute for machines." - Soloman Chandler, "Morning April" prior to the Battle of Lexington | |
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8:21 AM Jul 11