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Federation Of South America
Topic Started: Jun 16 2009, 07:49 PM (251 Views)
Lodwin
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La Federación de Sudamérica


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Founder of the Federation of South America,
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José de San Martín




General Information

Gross Domestic Product: £?
Revenues and Taxes: ££70 000

Industrial Production Points: 1.5 IPP
National Debt: £0
Credit Rating: 6.5


Current Leader:José de San Martín
Capital: Buenos Aires
Government: Federal Democracy
Population: 415 000
Creation: September 27, 1815


Politics

President: José de San Martín
Vice President: Juan Manuel Díaz
Minister of Foriegn Affairs: Pablo Monsalvo
Minister of the the Interior: Gustavo Hernán
Minister of Finance: Hernan Crespo
Minister of Justice: Sergio Meza Sánchez
Minister of War: Alejandro Damián
Minister of Marine: Juan Cobelli

Senators:
Matías Gigli [Argentina]
Oscar Limia [Argentina]

Attorney General: Eduardo Domínguez
Postmaster General: Ariel Colzera
Speaker of Congress: César González

Congress:

23 Seats Moderado Partido Federalista
45 Seats Partido Federal Patriota
12 Seats Independiente


Brief History of the Area

Colonial Era-

Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. The Spanish navigator Juan Díaz de Solís visited the territory which is now Argentina in 1516 and in 1536 the Spaniards founded a small settlement. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of what would later become the city Buenos Aires in 1580, as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Settlers initially arrived primarily overland from Peru.

The natural ports on the Río de la Plata estuary could not be used because all communications and commerce were meant to be made through the port of Lima, a condition that led to contraband becoming the normal means of commerce in cities such as Asunción, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo.

The Spanish raised the status of this region by establishing the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (in Spanish: Virreinato del Río de la Plata) in 1776. This short-lived viceroyalty comprised today's Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, as well as much of present-day Bolivia.

Buenos Aires became a flourishing port only after the creation of the Viceroyalty, as the revenues from the Potosí, the increasing maritime activity in terms of goods rather than precious metals, the production of cattle for the export of leather and other products, and other political reasons, made it gradually become one of the most important commercial centers of the region.

The viceroyalty was, however, shortlived due to lack of internal cohesion among the many regions of which it was constituted and to lack of Spanish support. It collapsed when Napoleon successfully invaded Spain and overthrew the Spanish monarchy.

The failed British invasions of the Río de la Plata in 1806 and 1807 had also boosted the confidence of the colonists after they had successfully stood up against one of the world powers.

War of Independence-

The territory known today as Argentina was part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and its capital city was the Intendency of Buenos Aires. It was ruled by a viceroy appointed by the Spanish Crown and guarded by the Spanish royal army. The beginning of the conflict was the full prohibition of trading with all countries except for Spain. English, French, and Portuguese ships were banned from the port at Buenos Aires. Despite this legislation, the citizens of Buenos Aires were well known as trafficants and they would often trade illegally with many foreign merchants. The resistance, organized by the local criollos during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata while viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte escaped to hide himself along with the state's treasure, helped to create up a national identity. On May 13, 1810, the arrival of a British frigate in Montevideo brought news that Napoleon Bonaparte had invaded Spain, capturing and overthrowing King Ferdinand VII, and triggered a brief period of political turmoil. This series of events is known as the May Revolution as citizens gathered in the Cabildo (City Hall) and decided to suspend Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from office and to create the First Junta (Primera Junta) of government.


First Junta and Big Junta

With the power of the Crown transferred to the Regency Council in Cádiz, and besieged by French troops, a power vacuum existed and, on May 25, 1810, the First Junta was created in Buenos Aires, removing Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from authority the same day. The junta, presided by Cornelio Saavedra (1760-1828), included Mariano Moreno (1778-1811) and Manuel Belgrano (1780-1820) and was later expanded to include deputies from the other provinces (Junta Grande or Big Junta). It was supposed that the revolutionary leaders remained nominally loyal to the Spanish King, but claimed the right to elect their own authorities (juntas), instead of having a viceroy appointed from Spain. Officially, the Junta was meant to keep the sovereignty of the King, but acted in the exact opposite. They attempted to gain support from the territories of the Upper Peru (Alto Peru) located in the border next to the Viceroyalty of Peru.


Armed Conflict

Two campaigns were ordered by the Junta Grande in order to gain support for the revolutionary ideas of Buenos Aires.

Alto Perú campaign (1810-1811): The improvised militia was commanded by Antonio González de Balcarce and tried to penetrate the intendencies of the Upper Peru (today Bolivia). The militia first engaged in combat with the Spanish army in the Battle of Suipacha and it was a victory for the patriots (November 7 1810). But the campaign would end unsuccessfully next June after the Battle of Huaqui. There, the militia was outnumbered by royalist forces from Peru and suffered heavy losses.
Paraguay campaign (1810-1811): Another militia, commanded by Manuel Belgrano, made its way up to the Intendency of Paraguay. The first battle was fought in Campichuelo and the Argentines claimed victory. However, they were completely overwhelmed in the subsequent battles of Paraguarí and Tacuarí. This campaign also ended in failure from the military point of view; but some months later, Paraguay broke its links with the Spanish crown and became an independent nation.
Violent internal disagreements and the undesired outcomes of the campaigns, led to the replacement of the Junta by a triumvirate in September 1811; see First Triumvirate (Argentina). The new government decided to promote another campaign to the Upper Peru with the reorganized Northern Army.

Second Alto Perú campaign (1812-1813): Facing the overwhelming invasion of a loyalist army led by General Pío Tristán, Manuel Belgrano, then commander of the Northern Army, turned to scorched-earth tactics. He ordered the evacuation of the people and the burning of anything else left behind, to prevent enemy forces from getting supplies or taking prisoners in the city of San Salvador de Jujuy. This is known as the Jujuy Exodus.
General Belgrano led the Northern Army to victory in the Battles of Tucuman and Salta in the northwest of present-day Argentina, forcing the bulk of the royalist army to surrender their weapons. Tristán (a former Belgrano's coed at Salamanca University) and his men were granted amnesty and released. These cities have remained under the Argentine government ever since. But again, the patriot army was defeated in Upper Perú in the battles of Vilcapugio and Ayohuma.

During the campaign, the Triumvirate established recently arrived from Spain José de San Martín as Lieutenant Colonel and ordered him to create the professional and disciplined cavalry unit called Granaderos. The same division helped the revolution that collapsed the government and elected a Second Triumvirate (Argentina) by late 1812.

In January 31, 1813, a Spanish army company coming from Montevideo landed near the town of San Lorenzo, in the Santa Fe province. The Second Triumvirate urged San Martín to stop further raids on the west bank of the Parana river. The Granaderos division met the Spanish on a field near the town's convent and made an easy victory on February 3 in the Battle of San Lorenzo. After this battle, the Second Triumvirate awarded San Martín the rank of General.

Fearing a major Spanish attack, a general assembly (the Asamblea del Año XIII) was called in Buenos Aires on February 27, to discuss future military campaigns. It was finally decided to dissolve the Triumvirate status and to create a new regime of a one-person government. The same assembly elected the first Supreme Director in January 31, 1814: Gervasio Antonio de Posadas. Posadas decided to create a naval fleet with the help of Juan Larrea and appointed William Brown as Lieutenant Colonel and Chief Commander on March 1, 1814. This tiny fleet engaged in combat with the Spanish ships on the coasts of Montevideo in the Action of 14 May 1814 and defeated them three days later. This action secured the coast of Buenos Aires and William Brown was awarded the rank of Admiral.

Supreme Director Posadas was replaced by Carlos María de Alvear the next year, on January 11, 1815, and was quickly followed by Ignacio Álvarez Thomas on April 21. Álvarez Thomas appointed Alvear as the new General of the Northern Army to replace José Rondeau, but officials would not recognize this act and remained loyal to Rondeau.

Third Alto Perú campaign (1815): The Northern Army, unofficially commanded by José Rondeau , started another campaign, but this time without the authorization of Supreme Director Álvarez Thomas. With the lack of official support, the army faced anarchy and later would lose the aid of the Provincial Army of Salta, commanded by Martín Miguel de Güemes. After being defeated in the battles of Venta y Media (October 21) and Sipe-Sipe (November 28), the northern territories were lost. They were reannexed by the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, and later became present-day Bolivia. This unsuccessful outcome to the campaign would spread rumors in Europe that the May Revolution was over.
Despite this final defeat in the north, the Spanish Army was eventually stopped and could not advance further. With King Ferdinand back in power, an urgent decision was needed regarding independence. On July 9, 1816, an assembly of representatives from all of the provinces (except Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Corrientes, which along with the Banda Oriental, present-day Uruguay, had formed a Liga Federal) met in the Congress of Tucumán declaring the full independence of Argentina from the Spanish Crown and provisions for a national constitution. Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Corrientes later joined.

The following year, San Martín took command of the Northern Army preparing a new invasion of Upper Perú (now Bolivia), but quickly resigned, foreseeing another defeat. Instead, he became governor of the province of Cuyo (now the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, and San Luis). He developed a new strategy to attack the Viceroyalty of Perú through the Captaincy of Chile. San Martín largely based this plan on the writings of Sir Thomas Maitland who was quoted to say that the only way to defeat the Spanish at Quito and Lima was by attacking Chile first. At this point, the Argentine War of Independence gets mixed with the Chilean independence War as both armies joined forces.
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Lodwin
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Las Banderas De La Federación de Sudamérica

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Army Statistics
Total Armed Forces: 7 000 Men-At-Arms
Infantry: 4 000 Men-At-Arms
Cavalry: 2 000 Men-at-Arms
Militia: 0 Militia
Artillery Gunners: 1 000 Gunners



Hijos de la Federación
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Ordenado por el General: Jose De San Martin
Cuartos Principales: Buenos Aires
Total:6 000 Soldados, 100 Artillería, 1000 Artillery Gunners
Organization:
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 1; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 2; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 3 'Martina de Guardianes'; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 4; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 5; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 6; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 7; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 8; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 9 'Martina Hermanos'; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Infantry No. 10; 400 Men

- First Army Regiment of Granaderos No. 1; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Granaderos No. 2; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Granaderos No. 3; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Granaderos No. 4; 400 Men
- First Army Regiment of Granaderos No. 5; 400 Men

- First Army Artillery Battery No.1; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
- First Army Artillery Battery No.2; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
- First Army Artillery Battery No.3; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
- First Army Artillery Battery No.4; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
- First Army Artillery Battery No.5; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
- First Army Artillery Battery No.6; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
- First Army Artillery Battery No.7; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
- First Army Artillery Battery No.8; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
- First Army Artillery Battery No.9; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
- First Army Artillery Battery No.10; 10 Artillery Pieces, 100 Gunners
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Lodwin
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The Federal Navy

Grand Admiral: Guillermo (William) Brown

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